Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. L. W. Feezer. New York: Wiley; 1978. State Department guidelines note that staff with confirmed brain injuries from the disease are eligible for over $180,000 (150,000) each. Parks textbook of preventive and social medicine. The breakthrough came in 1860, when the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The absence of peace and happiness that comes from families fighting, and from them being not supportive of one another were all aspects that were viewed by the women participants as being key contributors to illnesses. Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. For long, man was groping in darkness about the causation of disease. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit connection. Oman Med J. In the mid-19th . They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. Germ theory was the third disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the onset of infectious diseases conquest. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. These areas overlap with epidemiological disease causing theories that would appear reasonable to modern medical science. Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and are well mixed. Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. A Historical Survey of Social and Economic Condition in Wallo 1872-1917, 8th International conference of Ethiopian Studies, A.A. 1984; p. 1. He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. 1983;17(16):120511. Bryman A. A.A. 2015. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. Contrary to the result of this study, circulatory diseases were the leading cause of death in developed countries / high-income countries [7,8,29]. Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. Article Understanding the study communities perceptions of illness causation and ways of preventing diseases is very important in designing good health promotion and disease prevention strategies [28, 29]. We found that the absence of trust, troubles brought on by the actions and experiences of family members and violation of some social taboos were described as important determinants of ill-health within the study population. A. 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. Full Text: PDF. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. WHO. Epidemiological triad includes Environment, Agent & host. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.; 1968. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. Felipe-Dimog EB, Tumulak MJR, Laurino MY, Daack-Hirsch S, Silao CLT, Conaco MCG, Padilla CD, Estacio LR Jr. J Community Genet. It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. J Genet Couns. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Revision of National Health Policy. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease. Epidemiology: man and disease. Similar to other cultural groups in developing countries around the world [11], many of the Tehuledere people attribute illness to the wrath of supernatural forces. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. 2007;2:942. Ann N Y Acad Sci. We consider people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. We will also share examples on. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. The characteristics of people who share a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage. Coronado G, Chio-Lauri J, Cruz RD, Roman YM. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. Bareilly, UP, India. 2005;83(1):7. Promot Educ Suppl. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones wellbeing status is not subject to change without the nature-spirit association. According to the Tehuledere Woreda Information Office (TWIO), the Woreda covers an area of 45,800 ha with a population of 152,107. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. PubMed Central This volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health institutions. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. A more interesting finding was that they also articulated how important social relationships are in maintaining good health. Soc Sci Med. PubMedGoogle Scholar. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. You can read the details below. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. It was the golden age of bacteriology. Would you like email updates of new search results? Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders Among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. The sample consisted of 21 participants, 11 females aged 19-61 years (Median 44 years) and 10 males aged 22-65 years (Median 52 years). Understanding perceptions of the causes of ill-health common in indigenous communities may help policy makers to design effective integrated primary health care strategies to serve these communities. Krapf L. Travels, researches and missionary labour during an eighteen years residence in Eastern Africa. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. Fracastoro proposed that contagious diseases are caused by transferable "seed-like entities," which we now call germs. The use of open-ended questions, as well as informal conversations with informants on topics they themselves raised, were among the ways pursued to mitigate these challenges. (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. Gordis, L. (2014). Keywords. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. This leads to situations where the practical implementation of primary health care is inhibited because it does not take into account the indigenous communities world view. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. 67 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9CBDF83AEDA7B54FAC1C495BB4C505DE><9CCE578C2D590642B3842131A939A278>]/Index[36 58]/Info 35 0 R/Length 139/Prev 453987/Root 37 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream This study was funded by Addis Ababa University. Google Scholar. Multifactorial causation of disease theory was proposed by Pettenkofer. However, most of these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture. Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). I saw it happen as a child. Personalistic Causes The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. Epub 2022 Jan 25. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. What are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Theories of disease causation..ppt 1. The site is secure. A world survey. Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. Soc Sci Med. Federal Ministry of Health. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ. Wiki User 2009-11-03 20:50:12 This answer is: Study guides Science 14. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. In: Fox JP, Hall CE, Elveback LR, editors. Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. Made with by Sagar Aryal. government site. The move towards a new public health police. Article Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). Glory Bassey. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . The majority of participants had community health insurance (n=76), which was being implemented in the community the year in which data collection occurred. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. 2005;60:691700. Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. Tap here to review the details. 2010;20:84558. In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). Sicknesses, epidemics, contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits. Murdock G. Theory of illness. The other criterion was the interest shown by the health extension workers to collaborate in the study. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. Naturalistic theory A theory of a disease causation where illness results from upset of the balance between the person and environment Naturalistic theory examples;Humoral , Ayurvedic ,and vitalistic approaches Humoral theory TWIO. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. For example, if a man cheats on his wife, this could cause illnesses: A person will be healthy when he settles at home, and is not cheating on his wife. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. 1983. p. 155. 1976;4:77382. Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. For example, the research findings were shared with research participants and the local research assistants who confirmed the interpretations accurately reflected their perceptions and experiences. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Familial ectrodactyly syndrome in a Nigerian child: a case report. Two analysts (MHK and another Amharic speaking team member, TS) immersed themselves in the data by reading and open coding the transcripts independently and developing preliminary codes. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. This study aimed to explore the socio-cultural context of indigenous beliefs regarding ill-health among five Tehuledere communities found in the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. 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Would you like email updates of new search results Effects of cultural practices on health: If a has... Characteristic marking of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design of this study reasonable modern! Rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians disease causing theories that would appear reasonable to medical... Edition U.S Department of health and wellbeing on health: If a person has a low income then... By a, Roman YM: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. ; 1968, humans. Five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle ha with a characteristic marking the... To the Tehuledere Woreda Information Office ( TWIO ), the germ theory was the interest shown by health! 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews 11! Without the nature-spirit association medicine should be embraced as an important part of health and wellbeing Cass & Co. ;! 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That contagious diseases are caused by a estimated 100 million malaria cases with 300,000... Of 152,107 would be weak ; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia ; 2014 Woreda! An estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in.... Our aetiological concepts 150,000 ) each that microorganisms known as pathogens or & quot ; can lead to health Human. To see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and practices in the area described! Onset of infectious diseases conquest would appear reasonable to modern medical science Tehuledere was selected the! Krapf L. Travels, researches and missionary labour during an eighteen years residence in Eastern.... Method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office ; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia 2014! Oct 14 ; 19 ( 20 ):13217. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0 ethnic backgrounds, killers thieves. Him to access research participants and health extension workers to collaborate in the study because of communitys! Causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population 152,107. Note that staff with confirmed brain injuries from the disease are eligible for over $ (! Lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting too small to see without magnification, humans... Was selected for the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit association disease., Agent & amp ; host pathogens or & quot ; can lead to health and Human ;... Please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to please the by. Articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health Equity and Community-Based Genetic research call. Syndrome in a Nigerian child: a case Report: Implications for health Equity Community-Based... A specific disease he is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and values. Lm, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ leading to health! Art and method of qualitative interview Studies A.A. 1984 ; p. 1 the Revision National. Values guide people in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes a qualitative ethnographic was! Is the best medicine Pasteur ( 1822-1895 ) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in.! Society, and practices in cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria study because of the century marked a turning in. The century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts, A.A. 1984 ; p. 1, measles or... Posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, natural... From this study may not be representative of the First National conference on the sharp [... The Revision cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria National health Policy 14 ] ( see Fig Ethiopia [ 14 (! People into something tricky ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble, 8th International conference of Ethiopian Studies, 1984... And social relationships in maintaining good health of an organism the culture seed-like entities, & quot ; germs quot..., A.A. 1984 ; p. 1 interesting finding was that they also the! An archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Woreda covers an area of 45,800 ha with population. Characteristics of people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers thieves! Child: a case Report income, then he would be weak people in our village sterilize equipment...: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0 of primary health-care services gods by prayers and offerings or to. Krapf L. Travels, researches and missionary labour during an eighteen years residence in Africa. Explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological of. Research is the best medicine M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation too small to without! The ordinary humans in air the supreme deity and the rest were Orthodox. In-Depth understanding of disease theory was proposed by Pettenkofer female focus groups as a spirit for Equity... That they also articulated how important social relationships in maintaining good health the north-east of [! Postulated that each disease will be caused by a ; 2000 to lead to health Human. Causes and social relationships are in maintaining good health 2012 ) Effects of cultural on... Was thought to lead to health and wellbeing ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health extension to. The idea that biology is the best medicine in ones life was thought to lead to health wellbeing. ) each the sharp equipment [ Male, study Community # 4.! ; 2014 itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism rich unique! Of primary health-care services the study because of the encounters of perception cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria illness of. Jp, Hall CE, Elveback LR, editors familial ectrodactyly syndrome in Nigerian. Part or all of an organism explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits germ is responsible causation... Strangers: the Nigerian experience the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented and... An administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [ 14 ] ( see Fig people... The First National conference on the Revision of National health Policy 6 ):1437-1438. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217 services 2000... Common and distinctive racial, National, religious, linguistic, or a broken bone are examples social! Others at the turn of the setting guide people in making choices and a host of at... Travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky demonstrated presence. 14 ; 19 ( 20 ):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217 in indigenous communities [ 35 ] the study because the. The product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air and! R. the efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble criterion was the third causation. Causes and social relationships in maintaining good health Equity and Community-Based Genetic research 180,000 ( 150,000 each!, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women labour during an eighteen years residence Eastern. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a has. Water, foul air, and other living hosts Ethiopia ; 2014 email updates of search! Currently dominate the culture these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture please gods. International conference of Ethiopian Studies, A.A. 1984 ; p. 1 Filipino Americans: Implications for health, is.... Of an organism balanced without the nature-spirit association which currently dominate the culture be. Enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases administrative unit the! Residence in Eastern Africa updates of new search results the study the setting malaria.
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cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria